Audience based apporach and how this will help me target my audience

An audience-based approach This assumes that the meaning of a genre lies in the audiences’ application of their own knowledge of the conventions of genre-construction. Rather than assuming that a film must be a certain type, this approach posits that a film is a certain type depending on the particular conventions audiences apply to a text. Given their background knowledge and attitudes, one audience may perceive a movie as an action/adventure film, while another audience may perceive it as a horror film. This approach emphasizes the processes of applying genre-knowledge generic conventions as central to constructing the meaning of a genre. It assumes that audiences acquire more sophisticated knowledge of these conventions through increased experience in viewing a genre. These conventions include audiences’ use of their genre know-how to:

predict story outcomes based on applying knowledge of prototypical storylines — for example, predicting that at the end of a romantic comedy, differences plaguing a couple’s relationship will be resolved, or predicting that a detective will sort through conflicting clues to solve a murder. identify the symbolic meaning of images, techniques, or characters’ practices — for example, knowing that images of black or darkness in film noir or a gangster film represents evil; that suddenly breaking into song in the musical is a familiar, if not unrealistic technique; or that the sidekick figure is often attuned to the local environment or world in ways that assist the hero.

Audiences also enjoy complex variations of traditional genres which invite them to apply their know-how to interpret a film, particularly when they are faced with deviations from the prototypical genre. The degree to which audiences construct their own meaning of genre texts is evident in film fan clubs whose members demonstrate their expertise and knowledge about the conventions of a film through online chats. Therefore, by looking at online chats/ reviews and what people who write on fan clubs pages say about films and what they expect to see in certain genres etc, I can ensure that my film opening which will be a thriller contains these generic conventions to attract the audience to watch the film and so it helps audience understand the film is an action thriller.

Timeline of titles from a film of my chosen genre (thriller)

 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo

Doing a timeline of titles that is the same genre as the film opening I will be creating is good in order to help me see the order of the titles and the duration of each title. Therefore I will be able to base my titles in a similar order and duration. For example, most titles last for 2 seconds each in this film opening which connotes the fast pace of the film and that it is a thriller. By watching the title sequence it also allowed me to look at the fonts used in a thriller and where each title was positioned (i.e. centre, left etc.)

Limitless - thriller genre - analysis

At the beginning of the film opening of 'Limitless' there is a plain black screen. Many of the titles appear quite big on this screen in white text. This is so the text stands out well. Amongst these titles is 'Rogue Productions' this tells the audience that the film was created by an independent company however was co-produced with virgin-production and therefore will have received more funding and will be likely to have more money used in creating the film with this company being involved. The text is all in capital letters. This is so that it is bold and stands out to the audience, which attracts the audience to reading the title sequence more which captures their attention to watching the film opening.

There is a diegetic sound of someone banging on the door of a room really hard, which suggests there is someone trying to hurt someone. The person then says 'I know you're in there' which tells the audience that the man wants to get into the room for a certain reason which is most likely because they want to hurt the person or kill them. We know this is the reason as otherwise the person inside would have opened the door but they did not out of fear.  However, the audience is not aware why there is someone trying to hurt someone which encourages the person to keep watching and to find out what will happen.

Next, there are dead bodies on the floor in an office with men wearing suits and computers that say 'Error'. This suggests that these men were killed so that people could steal information off of their computers (private information). This tells the audience that the story line is probably going to based around this important information considering people have been killed to access it. The computers also show that the CCTV stopped working which shows that it was a planned killing.

It is clear to the audience from the start who the main character is. This is because it is the narrators voice who talks throughout the film opening. The audience is then able to see the face of the main character when he stands on the ledge of a building. This suggests to the audience that he wants to jump. People then want to know why he wants to jump and what he has done, as by the narration it is clear that he does not want to jump out of depression but out of fear that someone is trying to hurt him. Especially when he says 'I will never let them touch me', this is when it becomes truly clear that someone else is going to try and kill him.

It is clear to the audience that the film is set in a city when looking down at the main character standing over the ledge of a building as there are many lights and cars etc. After seeing the birds eyed view of the city the audience can think about the high crime rates in a city and therefore link to this that the genre will be a thriller as the plot will often be exciting and involve crime. It then becomes obvious to the audience that the film is going to be set in New York City as there are yellow cabs and times square that is shown in a shot.

There then seems to be a theme of death during the film opening because the neighbour of the main character is then killed by being shot and there is fear in the main characters face. This shows that it is becoming serious now and makes the audience want to know why so many people are being killed especially because the people killed in the office, the neighbour and the man who fears for his life are all in one apartment block (the same block). This creates an atmosphere in which the audience are worried for the main character and want to continue watching to see what will happen next.

There is then a red brain that is in the film opening which connotes danger to the brain and suggests that the film has something to do with the brain and may be about the information that was stolen from the office and that the information that was stolen is in this mans brain and that's why the people want to find him and kill him or that the information stolen may be about the brain.

It is clear that the genre is a thriller by the plot being unclear but exciting that people want to find out what will happen in the film. Also there is fast paced editing near the end of the film opening when the film title 'Limitless' appears and then the camera moves through the city to different places extremely fast. From this film opening I would try and use good aspects in my film opening as this film and my film opening are both thrillers. Therefore I would try and have themes in my film opening that keep reinforcing It to the audience to give connotations of what might happen in the film. For example, people keep dying in this film opening which tells the audience the storyline is serious, although I would not do my film titles in the same way where at the beginning there are loads of titles that are just on a black screen as this is a boring way to open a film.

The Girl with The Dragon Tattoo - thriller genre - analysis

At the beginning of 'The Girl with The Dragon Tattoo' there is a title that says the production logo is 'Columbia pictures' although the Columbia Pictures logo was not shown. This is because the logo does not give the audience a fast paced, thriller feel to the film and therefore this may be why the logo was not used. However, by having this company produce the film, it tells the audience that the film will be high budget and good quality.

All the titles shown throughout this film opening have a very quick duration of about 2 seconds each. This is to also go with the genre of the film being a thriller as in thrillers they are often fast paced with a chase or something that the audience has to keep up with to see what will happen at the end of the film. The titles are also all white (apart from the film title), this is to contrast against the black and darkness of the screen and everything going on in the framing as the background is dark. The white makes the titles visible and also reinforces to the audience that the darkness in the background connotes danger or a dark storyline to come.

 

The film title 'The Girl with The Dragon Tattoo' is on the screen briefly and then gets covered in ink. This is reinforcing the meaning of the title as the ink is there because of the link to the tattoo. This is clever as the audience is then left to think that the film will be about what the titles says as some films titles do not have much meaning to the rest of the film themselves.  

 

During the film opening someone's face appears out of the ink. Their face is black because the ink is embedded in their skin. The theme of ink keeps being shown throughout the film opening. This connotes that ink/ tattoos will play a major part during the film. These ink people are hit in the film opening and break apart showing that deaths will happen in the film. This does not give too much away to the audience though as we are unaware of who these ink people are that are killed. After these deaths we see that the ink girl remains and does not die which suggest she is the main character 'The Girl with The Dragon Tattoo'.

 

 

 

This film opening has a fast paced drum beat non-diegetic sound to build up tension and make people want to find out what will happen in this film. This fits well with the genre of the film being a thriller. In this film opening there are many aspects that connote the narrative of the film. Near the beginning of this film opening there is a skull that is on fire. This connotes that there will be death caused by fire. This fire theme is also reinforced  when there is a dragon that releases flames. It suggests that the dragon could cause danger as it is who releases the flames. At the same time the dragon opens its wings which connotes they now have freedom suggesting that the did not of freedom before. From this part of the film opening I think that this dragon represents 'The Girl with The Dragon Tattoo' who now has freedom but with this freedom she is dangerous to others.

 

 

 

 

There is also another part to this film opening that connotes 'The Girl with The Dragon Tattoo' is dangerous. This is when the flower comes to life as the girls face is covered with hands. This suggests that when people cover her and she does not have freedom it is safer to other people as they will then not die and the flames with not be released.  

 

This ink women and an ink man are shown kissing. This suggests there will be a love story during this film. The audience then see's a sinking man which tells us that he is drowning and he cannot escape this. I think that all of these shots link to each other and that the man sinking is the man that The Girl with The Dragon Tattoo' was in love with. Then when he dies/ is killed the girl wants revenge and then becomes bad as he is not there to hold her back. Therefore she releases the bad within her and kills people.

 

The atmosphere of this film opening is very intense because it attracts the audience and makes them want to see what is going to happen in the film based on the connotations that have been shown to the audience of what will happen so far. Almost every shot is set in a dark/ black place and the editing has ensures that each shot is fast and that the whole film opening is fast paced. This is to ensure that the film genre is clear to the audience and that it is a thriller.

 

By looking at this film opening and analysing it, it will help me when creating my film opening. This is because this film opening is the same genre as the film opening I will be creating and therefore I can ensure that my film opening is fast paced and set in low key lighting areas to ensure the shots are dark and that my film is a thriller. 

Research into Thrillers

 

Thrillers

 

Thriller Film is a genre that revolves around anticipation and suspense. Often in thrillers the protagonist in these films is set against a problem – an escape, a mission, or a mystery. The tension with the main problem is built on throughout the film and leads to a highly stressful climax.

 

 

Sub-genres

 

Action Thriller - uses physical action to create suspense within the film. Like a traditional Action film, this sub-genre will often have continuous motion and action including physical stunts, chases, fights, battles, and races. Often, these scenes will contribute to the overall sense of danger that the protagonist is facing.

 

Examples: Die Hard, Kill Bill Vol. 1, The Bourne Identity.

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Crime Thriller - is a sub-genre that incorporates the suspenseful aspects of a thriller with a crime film plot. This sub-genre's plot usually centres on a serial killer, murderer, robbery, or manhunt. As opposed to traditional crime films, the storyline focuses both around the criminal and the protagonist. Crime Thrillers use both action and psychological aspects to build tension and suspense.   Examples: The Usual Suspects, The Fugitive, Jagged Edge.

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Film-Noir - is not simply a sub-genre, but rather a term for a distinct, stylistic type of crime-drama or thriller that was popular throughout the 1940s and 1950s. Film-Noir is characterized by a black-and-white style with stark lighting effects. The main character is usually a cynical hero. Film-Noir relies on a narrative voice and various flashbacks to explain the intricate plot.   Examples: Sunset Boulevard, The Maltese Falcon, Sweet Smell of Success.

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Psychological Thriller - In addition to the traits of a regular Thriller, a Psychological Thriller incorporates elements of drama and mystery film. The suspense in this sub-genre comes from the mind, rather than from a psychical threat. The protagonists in Psychological Thrillers must rely on their mental resources to solve the situation. Because of their nature, many Psychological Thrillers cross over into the Horror genre.   Examples: Memento, Rear Window, Taxi Driver.

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Science Fiction Thriller - incorporates hypothetical, science-based themes into the plot of the film. Traditionally, a Science Fiction film will incorporate heroes, villains, unexplored locations, fantastical quests, and advanced technology. These elements can be used in a Science Fiction Thriller to create anticipation and suspense. Often, this sub-genre will explore the “future-gone-bad” theme, including plots that revolve around alien invasions, dystopian scenarios, and super-diseases.   Examples: Aliens, Inception, District 9.

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Religious Thriller - incorporates religious themes, including religious questions, ceremonies, and objects. Though some films can revolve around a specific church, many Religious Thrillers include supernatural experiences not pertaining to a certain religion. Exorcisms, demon possession, and church cover-ups are typical themes of Religious Thrillers.   Examples: The Devil’s Advocate, The Ninth Gate, The Da Vinci Code.

 

Why me and my group are doing the re-make and how it will help me

Me and my group are doing a re-make of a film opening in order to get an idea of how to film a film opening and get used to the camera, dolly, tripod etc. By re-creating a film opening it also allows us to use editing programs such as iMovie and work out how to add different effects e.g. slow motion effects, adding titles, adding sound etc. Re-making a film opening gives us experience using different equipment and prepares us for when we make our own film opening.  The re-make will allow us to see the content and how much narrative is involved in the first few minutes of a film so that we get an idea of what to put in our film opening to ensure that we don't put all the action in at the start which would not allow our film to go anywhere from there.  Doing a re-make of a film also means that we can look at when and where the titles appear on screen which helps us when planning our title sequence as it gives us an example of when each titles should come in, the duration of each title, what font and colour they should be depending on the genre and setting of the film.

Original 'Resident Evil Afterlife' film opening

Our Re-make of 'Resident Evil Afterlife' film opening

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The difference between independent and mainstream film openings

 

Independent and Mainstream film openings

Mainstream films are often widely released in cinemas for example mainstream films are often Hollywood films and blockbuster films. Mainstream films are released in cinemas and are advertised to attract customers and are then released for home use (DVD and Blue-ray). Independent films are often produced outside a major film studio, independent films are usually distinguished both by the style and the artistic way the director chooses to show them. Independent films have a considerably lower budget than Mainstream films. Independent films do not often have very much money to advertise the film.

In mainstream films there is often a predictable storyline from the film opening and many ways of showing the genre to the audience through the location and generic conventions being very stereotypical to the genre. The shots are often clear and much of the film is filmed in a studio. There is likely to be to be an establishing shot filmed outside showing the location is in a city or rural area etc. There is unlikely to be any hand held shots in the film opening as it may make the quality of the shot not very good. The editing equipment will be very expensive and therefore the titles in the film opening will be able to be put on the film in clever ways and many different fonts will be available to use in the film.

Quantum of solace  had extreme shots of a rural location (desert)
There are no hand held shots, it is clear the film is an action film and there will be deaths (narrative is very clear that there will be deaths and a women in the film as there are bullets, and women silhouettes)
The titles are through different transitions/ effects



Examples of Mainstream film companies



Lions gate

Walt Disney Pictures

Twentieth Century Fox

Warner Bros. Pictures

Sony Pictures






Many Independent films are filmed in unfamiliar locations and therefore there is not always an exterior extreme shot in the film opening. Technology used is not often of a high budget and therefore the titles in the opening sequence can often be of basic fonts. There may occasionally be handheld shots. Due to many independent films being targeted to a niche audience, the opening may not have extremely stereo typical generic conventions and a narrative that gives away the whole film storyline.

In the fall there is no extreme shot in the opening,
the film titles are in a basic font all the way through
the titles only fade in and out
there a many mid shots
the opening does not straight away tell the viewer the narrative of the whole film away
there is no non diegetic music




Examples of independent production companies

Blum House Production

Film 4

Warp Films

Research project on audience profiles and the type of audience to watch each genre, including questionnaires

What films are most popular

 

The image above shows the top 6 action thrillers according to IMBD. This is helpful for me, as the films are of the same genre as our film will be and therefore shows me what storylines and generic conventions work best for the film genre 'Action Thriller'. In order to see what type of audience is attracted by these films I used yougov.profiler and searched two of the films in the top 6 action thrillers.

After looking at the kind of people that watch these films It will help me in choosing what to put in my film. This is because, I will add certain generic conventions etc into my film to attract both these audiences (male aged 26 - 39 and 40 - 50) however, I will also need to add things to my film which will encourage a younger audience (aged 15+) to watch my film. This may be by having younger actors instead of people of the ages that Liam Neeson and Denzel Washington are.

My group and I gave people questionnaires to fill out to help our research so that we could create a good film and target it to the right audience. We asked people of different ages and genders so that we had a mix of answers.

Since looking at the genre, we decided that since as a spy thriller and action thriller put together had more people that would watch it then just a psychological thriller, to do an action thriller that we incorporated spies as the main characters into the storyline.

How film openings attract audiences and theories used in them

Audience Theory

How film openings attract audiences and audience theories used in them
The Hypodermic Needle theory will also be considered in the film opening. The opening of the film helps connote what the narrative of the film will be. The film opening may use this theory by adding a message into the film opening that is passively received by the audience.

The male gaze theory is often used in film openings. In the James Bond films this is one of the most used theories especially in the film openings. This tells the audience that the film is going to be male dominated and that when we see the person in this theory it will be through the eyes of a male.

Hypodermic Needle Theory
The Hypodermic Needle Theory is a linear communication theory which suggests that media messages are injected directly into the brains of a passive audience. This was one of the first theories used as an attempt to explain how audiences act to media. It suggests that the audience, passively (without realisation) receives information via  media text and the audience would not challenge or process the information. The theory came about when mass media was still very new and it was used, primarily as propaganda. The Hypodermic Needle Theory implies that the mass media has an incredibly powerful and direct effect on the audiences.

 

 

 

 

 

Male Gaze Theory ( Laura Mulvey)
The Male gaze is a term discussed by Laura Mulvey in her essay, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema" (1975). It is used to describe when the audience is put into the perspective of a (heterosexual) man. Female characters are sexualized, and the camera often has close ups on female body parts considered sexual. Mulvey states that in film women are typically the objects, rather than the possessors, of gaze because the control of the camera. The man emerges as the dominant power within the created film fantasy. The woman is passive to the active gaze from the man.

 

 

How narrative Theories are used in the film opening

Propp's character theory

In film openings the main character is often discovered. Using Propp's theory at least one of the seven character types will be discovered which shows the audience that there will be different characters throughout the piece. Whether the main character is for example, a villain or hero they will be in the film opening to determine who the main character is.

Vladimir Propp developed a character theory  for studying media texts and productions, which indicates that there were 7 broad character types in the 100 tales he analysed, which could be applied to other media:

1. The villain (struggles against the hero)
2. The donor (prepares the hero or gives the hero some magical object)
3. The (magical) helper (helps the hero in the quest)
4. The princess (person the hero marries, often sought for during the narrative)
5. The false hero (perceived as good character in beginning but emerges as evil)
6. The dispatcher (character who makes the lack known and sends the hero off)
7. The hero [AKA victim/seeker/paladin/winner, reacts to the donor, weds the princess

How knowing about these theories will help me

By knowing about these theories it may help me when doing my own work. This is because I can use these ideas/ theories to attract audiences. For example, if I want to attract a heterosexual male audience I could use the male gaze theory. This would sexualize women so that the audience see the women as a male would be looking at her. I could also use the hypodermic needle theory to attract a passive audience so that the narrative/  message of my film is directly injected into the audience members.

Jelly baby activity

In lesson we did the jelly baby activity to create a storyboard of a film opening to a genre of our choice. In my group we chose to do a mainstream romantic film aimed for men. The jelly babies activity was good to give people the chance of forming a storyboard including titles as this has not been done before. The jelly baby activity was also good for people to think about where in the opening different titles will come in and to think about what generic conventions will be put into the film opening and whether they fit the chosen genre. By doing this task it will help me with making a storyboard for my film opening because it is a good way to create a storyboard because if I want to make adjustments to a shot I can move the jelly babies around. It also helped me think about what shots I would use, when/ where to put certain titles and to think about the genre.

genres and generic conventions

This post has a list of a few different genres including thriller, action, romance and horror. It then lists a few of the different generic conventions that may be seen in film openings that are of the same genre and then has examples of film of these genres that have similar/ the same generic conventions. I have done this post so that when I choose the genre of my film opening that I will create, I can look at the different generic conventions that I could put in my film opening that are relevant to the genre.

Film Openings

Thriller - A chase, low key lighting, not sure what will happen in the rest of the film





Action - knives, guns, spies, explosions





romance - Romantic setting, A date, pink titles





Horror - scary music, red and black colours, set in isolated area

The impact of certification on film opening sequences

The impact of certification on film opening sequences

When people examine films to decide what certification a film should have the examiners look at issues such as discrimination, drugs, horror, imitable behaviour, language, nudity, sex, sexual violence, theme and violence when making decisions. They also consider context, the tone and impact of a work and even the release format.

With all the guidelines/ requirements from the bbfc, the film opening to a film must also follow the guidelines of each certification requirement for example, a U rated film could not have sexual scenes throughout the whole film including the film opening.

bbfc requirements
 

A U film should be suitable for audiences aged four years and over, although it is impossible to predict what might upset any particular child. U films should be set within a positive framework and should offer reassuring counterbalances to any violence, threat or horror.

 

A PG film should not unsettle a child aged around eight or older. Unaccompanied children of any age may watch, but parents are advised to consider whether the content may upset younger, or more sensitive children.

An example of a PG film is Toy story. In the film opening of toy story there is a boy playing with his toys, this fits the film requirements of PG as it would not upset a child as the content is positive.




 

Films classified 12A and video works classified 12 contain material that is not generally suitable for children aged under 12. No one younger than 12 may see a 12A film in a cinema unless accompanied by an adult. Adults planning to take a child under 12 to view a 12A film should consider

whether the film is suitable for that child. Misuse of drugs must be infrequent and should not be

glamorised or give instructional detail. There should be no promotion of potentially dangerous behaviour which children are likely to copy. No glamorisation of realistic or easily accessible weapons such as knives. There may be moderate language. Strong language may be permitted, depending on the manner in which it is used, who is using the language, its frequency within the

work as a whole and any special contextual justification. Sexual activity may be briefly and discreetly portrayed. There may be moderate violence but it should not dwell on detail. Discriminatory language or behaviour must not be endorsed by the work as a whole.

The opening to the film Twilight, has a deer being chased and then bitten by a human. There is also a brief talk about death. However, this is a quick scene and does not dwell on the death of the dear or on death.




 

No one younger than 15 may see a 15 film in a cinema. No one younger than 15 may rent or buy a 15 rated video work. The work as a whole must not endorse discriminatory language or behaviour, although there may be racist, homophobic or other discriminatory themes and language. Drug taking

 

No strings attached is a 15 rated film. In the film opening there are people making out and sexual language, therefore it has to be above a 12. Although this is quite mild therefore will not be an 18.







No one younger than 18 may see an 18 film in a cinema. No one younger than 18 may rent or buy an 18 rated video work. According to the bbfc Adults should be free to choose their own entertainment. Exceptions are most likely in the following areas, where the material is in breach of the criminal law,

or has been created through the commission of a criminal offence. where material or treatment appears to risk harm to individuals or, through their behaviour, to society. Where there are more explicit images of sexual activity in the context of a sex work.

 

 

 

 

 

For the opening of A Nightmare on elms street, there is a girl being chased and someone with knives as hands, connoting that many bad things are going to happen in this film and in the beginning, As this film has extreme violence and horror in it, it follows the guidelines of an 18 as it is there for people over 18 to watch if they want to see this for their own entertainment.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

may be shown but the work as a whole must not promote or encourage drug misuse. Dangerous behaviour (for example, hanging, suicide and self-harming) should not dwell on detail which could be copied. Whether the depiction of easily accessible weapons is acceptable will depend on factors such as realism, context and setting. There may be strong language. Very strong language may be permitted, depending on the manner in which it is used. Sexual activity may be portrayed, but usually without strong detail. There may be strong verbal references to sexual behaviour. Violence may be strong but should not dwell on the infliction of pain or injury.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Notes on Certification

Film certifications are given to every film. This is to ensure that legal obligations are followed, it protects audiences that may find films disturbing therefore certifications help them understand what kind of content is in the film before they watch it. Certification also is for societal reason to consider broader public opinion in mind with regards to language.

All classification decisions are based on the BBFC’s published and regularly updated Guidelines. The Guidelines are the product of extensive public consultation, research and the accumulated experience of the BBFC over many years. They reflect current views on film, DVD and video game regulation.

The certification guidelines

 



Suitable for all

 

Parental guidance

 

Cinema release suitable for 12 years and over

 

Video release suitable for 12 years and over

 

Suitable only for 15 years and over

 

Suitable only for adults

 

Adults works for licensed premises only

 

 

 

As the results of a large-scale public consultation there were new classification guidelines that cam into place on the 24th of February 2014. The new classification guidelines will ensure greater weight will be given to the theme and tone of a film or video, particularly around the 12A/12 and 15 level; Particular attention will be given to the psychological impact of horror, as well as strong visual detail such as gore. Regarding language, the public wants the BBFC to be stricter with the language allowed at U and more flexible about allowing very strong language at 15. Context, not just frequency, is the most important factor in how language in films is perceived by the public. A specific issue highlighted by the consultation is in relation to sexual content, where the public is particularly concerned about the sexualisation of girls, and pornography. The content of music videos and the ease of accessibility of online porn are special worries. Parents are also concerned about risks to vulnerable adolescents including self-harm, suicide, drug misuse and premature access to sexual content, including what some describe as the ‘normalisation’ in films and videos of behaviours which parents consider inappropriate.

The certification guidelines will be good to look at when creating my film opening as depending on what we put in our film opening depends what age rating we put on the film. As our film will be certified 15 we will therefore ensure we follow the 15 guidelines and not put anything in the opening that can only be shown to an 18 year old. With the overall story line to the film we will have to consider how much violence and sexual content would be in the film to not break 15 guidelines.